The right answer depends on your product tariff line and your destination, not on the country alone — every duty question is answered at the HS code, so start there. Four regimes matter in 2026. AfCFTA covers trade between African State Parties, with members committed to eliminating tariffs on 90 percent of tariff lines and a longer phase-in for least developed countries; it needs a valid Certificate of Origin and a line the destination has actually liberalised. AGOA gives eligible African exports duty-free access to the United States and is authorised to 31 December 2026; the US Senate voted 90-6 on 8 August 2026 to extend it to 31 December 2028 but the House has not yet passed it, so any plan depending on it past 2026 is carrying an assumption rather than a rate. China applies zero duty across all tariff lines for eligible African countries, in force since December 2024 for African least developed countries and from May 2026 for the rest — broader tariff-line coverage than AGOA ever had. The EU runs Economic Partnership Agreements with several African regions plus association agreements across North Africa. In practice South Africa, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana and Morocco combine the widest agreement coverage with the industrial and agricultural base to use it. Check the destination schedule, not just the agreement: a valid certificate against an excluded line saves nothing.